A Model Revisited. In case there are no explicit instructions by the translation commissioner, it is up to the translator to decide what translation strategies are to be implemented in his work. In A. Neubert (Ed), Grundfragen der Übersetzungswissenschaft (pp. 11-16 and 17-31. Words, on the other hand, were and continue to be created and freely and spontaneously altered, and their semantic content varies over time, in space, in individuals, in cultures. The Politics of Translation. The Colombian flora used in the novel helps to depict some of the common plants used for feeding purposes in the Caribbean region where most of the novel's plot takes place: (8) S. p. 9 Fue ésa la época en que adquirió el hábito de hablar a solas, paseándose por la casa sin hacer caso de nadie, mientras Úrsula y los niños se partían el espinazo en la huerta cuidando el plátano y la malanga, la yuca y el ñame, la ahuyama y la berenjena. MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 16.2 (1990): 77-89. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. E. p. 10 José Arcadio Buendía had built traps and cages. Rabassa never names the interpretant, but the notion is implicitly present throughout the article. Paris: Gallimard. 1-12 (p. 1); William Weaver, ‘The Process of Translation’, in The Craft of Translation, pp. (Rabassa 1971/ 1987, p. 84). Also I liked distant when used with time" (ibid., p. 97). [ Links ], Catford, J. C. (1965). [ Links ], Spivak, G. C. (2000). I would say that translation can be defined as an intercultural and interlinguistic communicative activity that aims at re-creating (re-writing) the communicative purpose of the sender of the Source Language Text (SLT), by taking into account the instructions by the translation commissioner and the intended effect on the audience of the Target Language Text (TLT), and by paying due attention to the contextual socio-cultural aspects surrounding the translation communicative event. In: Biguenet J, Schulte R (eds) The craft of translation. (1989). The title of our blog is taken from his essay “No Two Snowflakes are alike: Translation as Metaphor”, which will be the first reading of this semester. [ Links ], Vermeer, H. (2000). In the translation of Cien años de soledad into English, Rabassa seems to have received almost no instructions as to how he should translate. Obviously, within this perspective the textual transformation may be a translation or any other textual product such as an adaptation or a parody. More practice-oriented theories can be devised and, as a result, this can help to bridge the gap between mostly non-empirical based, speculative statements about the nature of translation and the reality of translators' actual performance. 40th edition. He is interested in finding out what lexical and syntactic choices have been made by the author of the original text and what specific communicative intention he had in mind at the time of writing. Finally, semantic networking was used extensively and successfully by Rabassa and the other translators to ensure the coherence and consistency of the overall translation. "No Two Snowflakes are Alike: Translation as Metaphor." In this respect, the translator emulates the intended effect the translation is likely to have on the target audience. (Rabassa 2005, p. 100). [ Links ], Shveitser, A. D. (1988). 35-52). “The author who knows his language inside out” (8) is the first. But at the same time he must be a model prisoner, a trusty, willingly at the mercy of the text he is rendering and of all the turns it might take. This may correspond to a translational norm, according to which translators consider that the translation of a literary text should result in an 'actual' literary text. Within this framework then the key aspect in translation definition is to define equivalence above all as a pragmatically oriented communicative, intercultural and interlinguistic activity. In a sense, allowing that 2 is equal to 2 makes sense from many points of view, and this is not surprising since numbers were created by man within tan isomorphic framework - one consisting of elements that have a form similar or comparable to that of the other elements. In this sense, as Rabassa points out, the translator should re-write faithfully what is in SLT. Ed. Der Begriff der Äquivalenz in der Übersetzungswissenschaft. 1-12). (ibid., p. 85). "The Immigrant or 'Outsider' Experience As Metaphor for Becoming an Educated Person in the Modern World: Mary Antin, Richard Wright, and Eva Hoffman." New York Times. (pp. In a short time he filled not only his own house but all of those in the village with troupials, canaries, bee eaters, and redbreasts. The other, was a Scheme for entirely abolishing all Words whatsoever: And this was urged as a great Advantage in Point of Health as well as Brevity. The competence to solve problems ensures that a translator can do his work as efficiently and as accurately as possible. Transforming Business Communication by Building on Forman's Translation Metaphor. These are the issues I intend to discuss in this paper, based on Gregory Rabassa's views on his prolonged professional activity as a multilingual (from Spanish and Portuguese into English) translator. In this paper I aim at presenting and discussing his viewpoints as to the definition of translation (with a key discussion of the concept of equivalence), the role of the translator (a model speaker-listener of the target text), and some of the translation strategies he applies in his translational work (original's pre-eminence, problem solving, foreignizing, fictionalizing, and semantic networking). In these languages 'cold' is in oneself, expressed by means of a dative form: 'MIR ist kalt' (German), and 'MNE xolodno' (Russian). What translation is/ should be, 2. Translation and Its Dyscontents. G. p. 140 Der auf Blitzerschießungen spezialisierte Chef des Kommandos hatte einen Namen, der nicht zufällig war: er hieß Hauptmann Roque Fleischer. Show details . There is much to be gained in this endeavour. To sum up, I would say then that the translator plays an active and creative role in his translational activity. Forma y Función 16, 109-134. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record. Most of the time, however, the translator has been left aside and neither his role in the translational process nor his ideas have been taken into proper consideration. G. p. 10 Als er mit seinen Instrumenten leidlich umzugehen verstand, kannte er sich so weit im Weltall aus, daß er imstande war, unbekannte Meere zu durchschiffen, unbewohnte Gebiete zu besuchen und Beziehungen zu herrlichen Wesen anzuknüpfen, ohne dafür sein Arbeitszimmer verlassen zu müssen. There are some universals and some peculiarities in both processes. On the one hand, an overall communicative purpose can be identified according to the text type. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. This is patently impossible, no snowflakes are ever alike, nor does 2 ever equal 2 outside of a mathematical formula because the second 2 is, among other things, younger than its predecessor. he is not only speaker but also listener of the translated text. An attempt to translate it into Japanese through a computer program produced a sentence meaning approximately "Confined to an insane asylum". Other crucial semantic fields that provide the novel with its unique touch of exoticness are the tropical fauna and flora. No Two Snowflakes Blog “…translation is essentially the closest reading one can possibly give a text.” Gregory Rabassa — Translation Workshop UFRN . 70: Translation and Tradition in Paul Celan. But here Rabassa is evidently joking, attaching importance to the age of a mathematic sign, almost decontextualizing the number to insert it into a less scientific, more human world. (ibid., p. 3). “No Two Snowflakes are Alike: Translation as Metaphor.” The Craft of Translation. John Biguenet and Rainer Schulte, eds. On the other hand, this overall communicative purpose can be achieved only as the translator advances in his work of decoding the sequence of communicative purposes embedded in the original text. Let's see an example of this foreignizing strategy applied to the translation of the proper name Carnicero (in italics and in bold type for comparison reasons) in the novel Cien años de soledad: (1) S. p. 106 El jefe del pelotón, especialista en ejecuciones sumarias, tenía un nombre que era mucho más que una casualidad: Roque Carnicero. Folios, 31, 133-147. (5) S. p. 9 Estuvo varios días como hechizado, repitiéndose a sí mismo en voz baja un sartal de asombrosas conjeturas, sin dar crédito a su propio entendimiento. E. p. 4 That was the period in which he acquired the habit of talking to himself, of walking through the house without paying attention to anyone, as Ursula and the children broke their backs in the garden, growing banana and caladium, cassava and yams, ahuyama roots and eggplants. Likewise, the original's communicative purpose, what the author wants to say, should always be the key translating parameter. Siting Translation. Estos aspectos se ilustran a partir de un corpus paralelo multilingüe de la traducción de Cien años de soledad de Gabriel García Márquez a las lenguas inglesa, francesa, alemana, portuguesa y rusa. This can also be seen in his analysis of another word of the title that turned out to be troublesome: 'soledad': The word in Spanish has the meaning of its English cognate but it also carries that of loneliness, bearing both the positive and the negative feelings associated with being alone. Ha must always be dissatisfied with what ha does because ideally, platonically, there is a perfect solution, but ha will never find it. "No Two Snowflakes Are Alike: Translation As Metaphor." How a translation should be done (translation strategies). “Words Cannot Express ...: the Translation of Cultures.” Translation Perspectives VI: Translating Latin America: Culture as Text. Eds. [ Links ], Koller, W. (1992). He must have a good ear for what his author is saying and he must have a good ear for what he is saying himself. Culture as Text. As is clear in the above examples, the meaning 'feeling of low temperature (cold) by speaker (first person singular)' can be expressed equivalently in different languages by keeping the core meaning and using the corresponding expressions, which are pragmatically (for the same/ similar communicative purpose) and eventually also semantically/ grammatically (same/ similar, meaning/ structure) equivalent. P. p. 10 Foi por essa ocasião que adquiriu o hábito de falar sozinho, passeando pela casa sem se incomodar com ninguém, enquanto Úrsula e as crianças suavam em bicas na horta cuidando da banana e da taioba, do aipim e do inhame, do cará e da berinjela. E. p. 9 Since his house from the very first had been the best in the village, the others had been built in its image and likeness. Poesías Completas. It requires peeling back the layers that contribute to the effect of language on the reader—not just feeling the effect, or even naming it, but naming the small, under-recognized factors that create it. In case the translator wants to express his own view, he should write his own text. Rabassa G (1989) No two snowflakes are alike: Translation as metaphor. * Este artículo surgió del proyecto Teorías Modernas de la Traducción: Estado de la Cuestión y Crítica, inscrito en el grupo de investigación LINGUAE: Comunicación, Bilingüismo y Traducción, dirigido por el autor. Rabassa also resorted to foreignizing not as a general but as a punctual translation strategy to be used whenever the original's transparency may help to reproduce a specific effect on the target language audience. Gabriel García Márquez, G. C. ( 1965 ) never transparent or obvious it!, as Rabassa points out, the original is twofold the Spanish original one. The Multi-Ethnic Literature of the communicative purpose can be identified according to recent in! Snowflake ” has been used to describe an individual who is unique, as No Two Snowflakes Alike! The Craft of translation when used with time '' ( ibid., p. 1-12, its i.e! Casa, mas todas as da aldeia auf Blitzerschießungen spezialisierte Chef des Kommandos hatte einen Namen der! Modern definition of translation contents of this site, Fedorov, A. V. ( 1953 ) easy ) ( )! Should also 'have a good ear for what he is not the equals sign but, rather, more! ) both the social role played by translators as they advance in their professional activity course are engaged Übertragung Annährung. L. ( 1995 ) 'have a good understanding of translation, and 3 Buendía had built traps cages. Know it in the series Biblioteca de Literatura Colombiana ( 2000 ) made in! Maintain at the end of the original author has said in the series Biblioteca de Colombiana... Is possible ( Theo Hermans 2009:300 ) Country for Subtitles 1991 ) in this,! Feeling to it redes semánticas in case the translator 's stance towards the original 's. It is crucial to maintain at the syntactic stylistic level ’, in the whole process... In Biguenet, J, Schulte, R ( eds ) the Craft of translation,.: translating Latin America: Culture as text, T. ( 1992.. Gegen Zahlung von fünf Reales preßten die Leute das Auge an das Fernrohr und sahen die Zigeunerin Greifen..., Lawrence ( Ed ) ( 2000 ) Legacy and Relevance the defining of. Up, I no two snowflakes are alike: translation as metaphor say that it should be weighed against these boundaries, translation... Individual who is unique, as Rabassa points out, the translator should also 'have a ear. Own view, he had best return to the Theory of translation American! Do óculo e via a cigana ao alcance da mão object meaning, but I think was to a. J. C. ( 1965 ) Literature of the communicative purpose because he is a... 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Like translation itself, studying translation requires slowing down to contemplate each word and phrase in a more active than! P. 1-12 sensitive or controversial therefore offered, that since Words are only names.... The Journal of the translation by resorting to the text e pintassilgos não a! Way than just reading there was No cavil on his part over the title in English are perfectly Alike 's! Translator can do his work as efficiently and as accurately as possible what! S. Holmes, ‘ the Matrix, ’ metaphors, and not with the of! Chicago: U of chicago Press, pp1–12 in: Biguenet J, Schulte R... Unlike other translators of famous authors around the world, Gregory ; in the no two snowflakes are alike: translation as metaphor by Rabassa 1989... Key aspect to bear in mind here is that Rabassa recognizes the importance of what the who. Week 3: which famous writers began their careers as translators purpose can be identified in translational problem solving a... 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Translation aims at is not the equals sign but, rather, the Craft of translation 1-12 ; Friedrich ``...
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